His mother ruled as a regent for 10 years until Charles was a teenager. One thousand pounds was a vast sum at the time, greater than an average workman's lifetime earnings. On 14 May, he was proclaimed king in Dublin. Découvrez vos propres épingles sur Pinterest et enregistrez-les. [28], The English Parliament granted him an annual income to run the government of £1.2 million,[29] generated largely from customs and excise duties. European princes took little interest in Charles and his cause, and his proffers of marriage were declined. 18th century. Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. To save Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679. [84] Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond. Découvrez et achetez L'Espagne de Charles II et la France : 1665 - 1700. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. (Eds.). After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army. With the expensive disasters of the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67 the reputation of the restored king sank to its lowest level. He tried to fight his father’s battles in the west of England in 1645; he resisted the attempts of his mother and his sister Henrietta Anne to convert him to Catholicism and remained openly loyal to his Protestant faith. L'Espagne de Charles II et la France 1665-1700 par Marie-Françoise Maquart aux éditions Pu du mirail. In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard resigned. Some even sought to confer the Crown on the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. [10], On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Dunbar by a much smaller force led by Oliver Cromwell. [60] The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria;[61] judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed. [40] Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. The English Parliament recognised Charles as king by unanimous vote on 2 May 1660, and he was proclaimed king in London on 8 May, although royalists had recognised him as such since the execution of his father on 30 January 1649. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. [44] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]. Omissions? Charles II, byname The Merry Monarch, (born May 29, 1630, London—died February 6, 1685, London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. Charles endeavoured to ensure that the Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret. A merry monarch, scandalous and poor.[86]. The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford's replacement, Lord Danby, grew. Posté le : 20-11-2013, 17h07 . The Militia Act of 1661 gave Charles unprecedented authority to maintain a standing army, and the Corporation Act of 1661 allowed him to purge the boroughs of dissident officials. Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War (1652–1654). Celui qui allait être le dernier représentant de l'illustre dynastie des Habsbourg espagnols hérite alors d'un État en grave situation de crise démographique, politique et militaire, comme ne manquèrent pas de le souligner les différents témoignages de l'époque. The years of his reign are known in English history as the Restoration period. HIS VICI ET REGNO Globe with a cornucopia and a fasces crossed above it; in field on left side AG/A and 1684. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. [74] In the days between his collapse and his death, Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments including bloodletting, purging and cupping in hopes of effecting a recovery. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. Rechercher dans la catégorie Charles Ii de Gonzague (1637-1665) parmi les milliers d'objets de collection publiés par nos collectionneurs ! Brabant. Vous n’avez pas de produit dans votre panier. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. [54] In 1670, Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson's Bay Company by royal charter, and named the territory Rupert's Land, after his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the company's first Governor. This led to internal political struggle within his family over who would call the shots. Landing at Dover on May 25, he reached a rejoicing London on his 30th birthday. Covers the period from October 1665 to July 1666. The King, Charles II and his Court left London and fled to Oxford. Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5, 1628-80. He was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire and who constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1682. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction . L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale 1665-1700. Diana's son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second in line to the British throne, is likely to be the first British monarch descended from Charles II. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. He delighted and bored listeners with tales of his escape for many years. There would be pardons for nearly all his opponents except the regicides. The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line. He was captured and executed. )", "Charles II, 1672: An Act for preventing Dangers which may happen from Popish Recusants", "Charles II, 1678: (Stat. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death in 1685. Charles II était âgé de quatre ans à la mort de Philippe IV. Charles II, byname The Merry Monarch, (born May 29, 1630, London—died February 6, 1685, London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. Saive Numismatique, membre du Snennp, vente en ligne de monnaies anciennes de collection, or de bourse, livres de numismatique et fournitures pour numismates. 1665 (July) The Lord Mayor of London, Thomas Bloodworth, ordered all stray dogs and cats be killed since he believed that they were spreading the disease. During Charles's reign all legal documents stating a, From the death of his father to his defeat at the, All dates in this article unless otherwise noted are given in the. The Scottish army was routed by the English under Oliver Cromwell at Dunbar in September 1650, and in 1651 Charles’s invasion of England ended in defeat at Worcester. Shaftesbury's power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Marshall J. Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history. The death rate peaked in September when 7,165 peopledied in one week. Since Charles was a legal minor when Philip died on 17 September 1665, Mariana was appointed Queen Regent by the Council of Castile. Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted (albeit unsuccessfully) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland, where he died. [52] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold. There would be liberty of conscience and Anglican church policy would not be harsh. "[91] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. [64], Charles faced a political storm over his brother James, a Catholic, being next in line to the throne. On the last evening of his life he was received into the Catholic Church in the presence of Father John Huddleston, though the extent to which he was fully conscious or committed, and with whom the idea originated, is unclear. Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. [15] Charles could not obtain sufficient finance or support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Test your knowledge of the history of leadership with this quiz. 1 real 1697 l h. lima 1 real 1697 l h. lima. [58] Clifford, who had converted to Catholicism, resigned rather than take the oath, and died shortly after, possibly from suicide. [78] He was buried in Westminster Abbey "without any manner of pomp"[77] on 14 February.[79]. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. Charles lived a life of leisure at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris,[14] living on a grant from Louis XIV of 600 livres a month. 11,12g Très rare Etat de conservation exceptionnel. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. Charles Scott, Earl of Doncaster (1672-1674) 3. BRABANT, Duché, Charles II (1665-1700), AV double souverain, 1697, Anvers. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters. Produits similaires au L'Espagne de Charles II et la France 1665-1700. [55], Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. Setting off from Falmouth after staying at Pendennis Castle, he went first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living in exile and his first cousin, eight-year-old Louis XIV, was king. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £160,000 each year. [80], Charles had no legitimate children, but acknowledged a dozen by seven mistresses,[81] including five by Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created. This biography offers detailed information about his childhood, life, works, achievements and timeline. Who was the longest living monarch in Japanese history? He was King of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England in disguise, landing in Normandy on 16 October, despite a reward of £1,000 on his head, risk of death for anyone caught helping him and the difficulty in disguising Charles, who, at over 6 ft (1.8 m), was unusually tall. And never did a wise one"[35], To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". [63], The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. [42] On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven islands of Bombay (the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India), together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic - Charles II.Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864. Birthplace: Madrid, Spain Location of death: Madrid, Spain Cause of death: unspecified. It was weakness, rather than strength, that prompted this government not to summon the Cortes any more. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[32] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. He never said a foolish thing, The Scots forces were divided into royalist Engagers and Presbyterian Covenanters, who even fought each other. Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal—Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Lauderdale. [90] Charles II is depicted extensively in art, literature and media. As a patron of education, he founded a number of schools, including the Royal Mathematical School in London and The King's Hospital in Dublin, as well as the Erasmus Smith schools in various parts of Ireland. Those people who could sent their families away from London during these months, but the poor had no recourse but to stay. His safety was comfortless, however. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize. 4 Manuscripts, European. [25], In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. He followed his grandfather Charles I, Duke of Mantua, in 1637 as ruler of these lands, the first ten years under regency of his mother Duchess Maria. By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, in 1660: By Barbara Villiers (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine and created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right: By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673): By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute:[97], Letters claiming that Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries. L'espagne De Charles Ii Et La France 1665-1700 pas cher : retrouvez tous les produits disponibles à l'achat dans notre catégorie Histoire, actualité, politique CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, depicted extensively in art, literature and media, Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater, Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth, Francis I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Proclamation: of King Charles II, 5 January 1649 (NAS. [38] Plague cases ebbed over the winter, and Charles returned to London in February 1666. The crowning of King Charles II, frontispiece from. Charles's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685, captured and executed. [22], The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons that was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians. [103], 17th-century monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, Coat of arms of Charles II as king (outside Scotland), Coat of arms of Charles II used as king in Scotland, The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition of the English monarchy in 1649. [21] The outgoing Parliament defined the electoral qualifications intending to bring about the return of a Presbyterian majority. The Restoration was accompanied by social change. While Danby seems to have been rightly sceptical about Oates's claims, the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously. Le pape et le roi Journées qui ont fait la France; JOURNAL DE BOLIVIE (7 nov. 1966-7 oct. 1967) La Découverte/Poche L'Espagne, la France et l'Amérique latine : politi Collectif; La France, l'Espagne et l'indépendance du Maroc 1951-1958 - Michel Catala - Date de parution : 19/02/2015 - Les Indes savantes The public blamed Catholic conspirators for the fire,[41] and one Frenchman, Robert Hubert, was hanged on the basis of a false confession even though he had no hand in starting the fire. françoiscostes. Other kings had inspired more respect, but perhaps only Henry VIII had endeared himself to the popular imagination as much as this one. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685) 3. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange. Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630. charles ii (1665-1700). Fanned by a strong easterly wind and fed by stockpiles of wood and fuel that had been prepared for the coming colder months, the fire eventually consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral. Charles II of England (1630-1685) 2. Spanish Netherlands, Charles II, Bruxelles, 1665, TTB+ Qualité présentée sur la photo : TTB+ Photo réelle de l'objet de collection que vous recevrez The actual terms were to be left to a free parliament, and on this provisional basis Charles was proclaimed king in May 1660. [20] Monck and his army marched into the City of London, and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament who had been excluded in December 1648, during Pride's Purge. As a result, in his lifetime he was often nicknamed "Old Rowley", the name of his favourite racehorse, notable as a stallion.[82]. Charles II of Spain was born November 6, 1661 and became king in 1665 at the tender young age of four. The war did not go well, and in 1667 the Dutch fleet defeated the English navy. While the Spanish Empire, or 'Monarchy', remained an enormous global confederation, its economic supremacy was challenged by the Dutch Republic, and increasingly England, while Europe was destabilised by French expansion under Louis XIV. Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668 and June 1669. GM 20K-135C But though the early years of tawdry dissipation have tarnished the romance of his adventures, not all his actions were discreditable. [19], After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's initial chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim; Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-king-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland, Undiscovered Scotland - Biography of Charles II, Westminster Abbey - Biography of Charles II, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Charles II, The History Learning Site - Biography of Charles II, English Monarchs - Biography of Charles II, Charles II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Charles II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Charles Beauclerk, 1st duke of Saint Albans. G.H. Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)[c] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. [2] England, Scotland, and Ireland were respectively predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian, and Catholic. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. Charles II often suffered from ill health and much of his reign consisted of others ruling the country in his stead. An Act for the more effectuall preserving the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_II_of_England&oldid=994985359, British expatriates in the Dutch Republic, Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Jane Roberts – the daughter of a clergyman, This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 16:04. Charles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Many of them were prosecuted and their estates seized, with Charles replacing judges and sheriffs at will and packing juries to achieve conviction. With many of the Scots (including Lord Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, after which Charles eluded capture by hiding in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House. ... Charles II returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne. Le règne de Charles II (1665-1700) », et nous faisons figurer le lien pour accéder au texte définissant les … A more pervasive and damaging limitation was on his financial independence. Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. [51], Meanwhile, by a series of five charters, Charles granted the East India Company the rights to autonomous government of its territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over its possessions in the Indies. Charles was born into political strife in Europe as the Habsburgs tried to control the entire continent. The unconditional nature of the settlement that took shape between 1660 and 1662 owed little to Charles’s intervention and must have exceeded his expectations. Printed by John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most Excellent Majesty 1; Printed by Leonard Lichfield, printer to the University, for John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most excellent majesty 1 Silver 5.67 g Obv. Charles accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. Belgique. [47] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). News of the failed plot was leaked. Professor Ronald Hutton summarises the polarised historiography: For the past hundred years, books on Charles II have been sharply divided into two categories. [4] By spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Les meilleures offres pour Authentique 1665 Charles II John eamonson de Seacroft Leeds York document Scellé sont sur eBay Comparez les prix et les spécificités des produits neufs et d'occasion Pleins d'articles en livraison gratuite! Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to nearly all of Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, 50 people were specifically excluded. However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic led by Oliver Cromwell. Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early, thus inadvertently avoiding the planned attack. The questions encourage pupils to investigate the sources and make their own judgements on the evidence where possible. King of Spain, 1665-1700. [18] At the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, as part of the larger Spanish force, Charles's army of around 2,000 clashed with Commonwealth troops fighting with the French. Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. However, with insufficient funds voted by Parliament, Charles was forced to gradually disband his troops. King Charles II 1660-1685 Restoration Stuart Costume. Charles was one of the most popular and beloved kings of England,[1] known as the Merry Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by Cromwell and the Puritans.