When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. Translator. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.The tower received its 200,000,000th … This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, [n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industrand Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.[6]. In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. [54], The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002. [64], The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in the wind. [38] A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C..[87] Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower. Tour Eiffel - Invalides - 7e Arrondissement Book Description. [70] It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown". 10 La Tour en chiffres Page 1 Son poids La Tour Eiffel pèse 10 100 tonnes dont 7 300 tonnes de char-pente métallique. 27 oct. 2020 - Explorez le tableau « TOUR EIFFEL... » de Martine P, auquel 307 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. It was the first structure to reach a height of 300 m. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (English for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. [44] When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant. Repeint en blanc-gris. After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. [86] This would be more than ten times the cost of the original (nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs; ~US$40 million in 2018 dollars). [80] It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne. The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. [58], The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons,[59] and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. [21], Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. [citation needed], Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Sa construction en 2 ans, 2 mois et 5 jours, fut une véritable performance technique et architecturale. [75] The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna. [35] In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. The tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Supposons que la Tour Eiffel ait une masse de 7000 tonnes Supposons qu'elle ait une composition homogène Si on fait une maquette au 1/1000 dans le même métal, quelle masse aura … [15], At first, the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold. At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. [15] Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. Veuillez nous excuser pour la gêne occasionnée. [41], Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. [55] The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003. • Poids de peinture : 60 tonnes à chaque campagne • Périodicité pour la peinture : La Tour Eiffel est entièrement repeinte tous les 7 ans. 6,802,498 were here. [3] In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors. A symbol of Paris and more generally of France, the Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel … [64] All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. [56] In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level. It was rebuilt on the edge of New Orleans' Garden District as a restaurant and later event hall. [48] A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. Elle est le théâtre de nombreux évènements de portée internationale (mises en lumière, centenaire de la Tour, spectacle pyrotechnique de l’an 2000, campagnes de peinture, scintillement, Tour bleue pour la Présidence française de l’union européenne ou multicolore pour ses 120 ans, installations insolites comme une patinoire, un jardin…). Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992. [76] The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").[28]. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.[8]. The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. 430 cm Diam. [48], According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was wind resistance. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. Elle doit son nom à l’ingénieur Gustave Eiffel, dont l’entreprise a conçu et construit la Tour comme entrée de l’Exposition universelle de 1889. The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.[7]. [53], The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. [83] Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. [91][92], The imposition of copyright has been controversial. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays,[27] and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.[3]. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887. * Billetterie pour les professionnels du tourisme, les entreprises, les comités d'entreprise et les groupes scolaires. Les premiers coups de pelle sont donnés le 28 janvier 1887. A promenade 2.6-metre (8 ft 6 in) wide ran around the outside of the first level. [4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals". La Tour Eiffel: Construite de 1887 a 1889. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. [88] In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. [42], A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889. [40] In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed. [72], A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. ¤ Gustave EIFFEL (1832-1923) Escalier de la Tour Eiffel n° 4 - 1889 En fer forgé boulonné qui reliait le deuxième étage au troisième étage de la Tour Eiffel. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017. Destinée à durer seulement 20 ans, elle fut sauvée par les expériences scientifiques qu’Eiffel favorisa et en particulier les premières transmissions radiographiques, puis de télécommunication : signaux radio de la Tour au Panthéon en 1898, poste radio militaire en 1903, première émission de radio publique en 1925, puis la télévision jusqu’à la TNT plus récemment. Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison. [37] A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. [79] Starting May 2019, it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. ampleur : le seul poids des pièces euro atteint plus de 239 000 tonnes, l'équivalent de [...] vingt-quatre fois la tour Eiffel. C’est à l’occasion de l’Exposition Universelle de 1889, date qui marquait le centenaire de la Révolution française qu’un grand concours est lancé dans le Journal officiel. [23] Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61.4 ft). In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets. ", "Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889", Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci, Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge, Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&oldid=991856329, Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz place identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Spare transmission mast for longwave; insulated against ground, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 04:15. [17] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. Pour soutenir un tel poids, l’un des nombreux défis de Gustave Eiffel (le fondateur de la Tour Eiffel) a été de s’assurer que la pression au sol ne soit pas trop importante. La tour Eiffel est une tour en ferraille de 324 mètres de hauteur (avec antennes) située à Paris (capitale de la France),à l’extrémité nord-ouest du parc du Champ-de-Mars en bordure de la Seine dans le 7è arrondissement.Construite par Gustave Eiffel et ses collaborateurs pour l’Exposition universelle de Paris en 1889, et initialement nommée "tour … Hackett was arrested by the police. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" For other uses, see, "300-metre tower" and "Tour Eiffel" redirect here. Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. La Tour, c’est aussi la magie de la lumière. After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. "The Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl]) is an 1889 iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. [33] In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later. [18] The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. En poursuivant votre navigation, vous acceptez l’utilisation de cookies pour réaliser des statistiques de visites sur notre site. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve". La Tour Eiffel en 25 questions 1ere partie, source:frenchmomentsblog.com. Bienvenue sur la page officielle de la tour Eiffel ! L’ingénieur Gustave Eiffel, créateur de la tour, avait cependant prévu qu’elle puisse supporter une amplitude d’oscillation allant jusqu’à 70 centimètres ! This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level. La tour Eiffel pendant l'exposition universelle, 5 ascenseurs du sol au 2e, 2 batteries de 2 duolifts du 2e au sommet, Les 4 piliers forment un carré de 125 mètres de côté. Nous avons hâte de vous retrouver bientôt. And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris? Pendentif pour femme homme ou enfant tour eiffel en Argent 925/00. [68], The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. [20], The start of the erection of the metalwork, 7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding, 20 March 1888: Completion of the first level, 15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage, 21 August 1888: Completion of the second level, 26 December 1888: Construction of the upper stage, 15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola, Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. La 1re … A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. La Tour Eiffel a une charpente métallique qui pèse 7 300 tonnes, pour un poids total de 10 100 tonnes. No French company wanted to undertake the work. [25], There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. [60] As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hauteur 300 m. Poids 7 millions de kilos. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing. L... La dixième exposition universelle est organisée à Paris en 1889, du 15 mai au 6 novembre, et c’est pour cette occasion que la tour Eiffel est construite. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed. 11 nov. 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "Tour Eiffel Paris" de Ghislaine sur Pinterest. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. Le poids d'une tour Eiffel de débris déblayés à Beyrouth en quatre jours Les militaires français et libanais ont déblayé sur le site de l'énorme explosion au port de Beyrouth une quantité d'acier et de ciment équivalente au poids de la tour Eiffel… After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork. Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Cylindre hydraulique : 20 000 Kg 2. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 m (518 ft) tall. Description. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. Linguee. Elévation de la tour Eiffel, panneau par panneau The second floor marks a change in the structure of the tower. Universelle, tour de Babel, près de 300 millions de visiteurs sans distinction d’âge ou d’origine sont venus de tous les coins de la planète la découvrir depuis son ouverture en 1889. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. … Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? [71], The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony? Depuis les années 80, le monument a régulièrement été rénové, restauré et aménagé pour un public toujours plus nombreux. A petition called "Artists against the Eiffel Tower" was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, Adolphe Alphand, and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887: We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection … of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. [12] Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. [77] An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues.[78]. Etendue sur 95 hectares, l’Exposition occupe le Champ de Mars, la colline du Trocadéro et les quais jusqu’à l’esplanade des... « Regard, objet, symbole, la Tour est tout ce que l’homme met en elle, et ce tout est infini. ", "Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright? Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.[22]. [6] (A 300-meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). Voir plus d'idées sur le thème tour eiffel, paris, paris dessin. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump. [89] The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright. [22] Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. [26] Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition. Pistons, tiges et leur suppor… La tour Eiffel est sans doute l’icône de Paris et l’une des structures les plus reconnaissables du monde. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. L'histoire de la construction de la Tour Eiffel, avec des images d'archives de Ludres et Pompey. Tour Eiffel taille poids prix de la visite nombre de marches, source:combien.io. [42] In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge,[43] but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers. [24], The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.[62]. Welcome to the Eiffel Tower official page! By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a calligram) to express his feelings about the war against Germany. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. Le tableau TOUR EIFFEL fait 55cm de long, 75cm de profondeur et 2.8cm de diamètre sur toile d’un poids de 1.4kg que la couleur noire/blanc fait ressortir avec élégance. [94] However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.[95].