The shift in power away from the emperor is also revealed in the way the post-Hohenstaufen kings attempted to sustain their power. 65 ecclesiastical states with 14 percent of the total land area and 12 percent of the population; 45 dynastic principalities with 80 percent of the land and 80 percent of the population; 60 dynastic counties and lordships with 3 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; 60 imperial towns with 1 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; Imperial knights' territories, numbering into the several hundreds, with 2 percent of the land and 1 percent of the population. [46]:708 Their son, Otto III, came to the throne only three years old, and was subjected to a power struggle and series of regencies until his age of majority in 994. Given his background, although he was a vassal of king Philip, Henry was bound by few national ties, an aspect of his suitability as a compromise candidate among the electors, the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, and who were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. Simultaneously, the Catholic Church experienced crises of its own, with wide-reaching effects in the Empire. Le Saint Empire romain germanique remonte au sacre du duc de Saxe Otton le Grand, le 2 février 962, à Rome. [47][72][1] This practice eventually ended during the 14th century, as the emperors of the Habsburg dynasty chose Vienna and Prague and the Wittelsbach rulers chose Munich as their permanent residences. Charles IV set Prague to be the seat of the Holy Roman Emperor. This state developed into modern Germany. Les conditions de l'élection sont fixées en 1356 par l'empereur Charles IV dans une « Bulle d'or » qui limite à sept les Princes Électeurs. The medieval idea of unifying all Christendom into a single political entity, with the Church and the Empire as its leading institutions, began to decline. À l'est des « quatre fleuves » : Escaut, Meuse, Saône et Rhône, il inclut le royaume d'Allemagne et le royaume d'Italie (la Francie orientale). For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. L'Empire devient l'instrument des ducs et des archevêques, un empire électif peu centralisé. Ce Ier Reich (1er Empire d'Allemagne) est autrement dit constitué de toute la partie orientale de l'ancien empire carolingien, lui-même héritier du Regnum francorum de Clovis. 9 mai 2018 - "Holy Roman Empire in 1250 ... -About History- Le rôle de la langue dans la communication de propagande dynastique à l'époque de Charles IV", "Italy - Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries", "Heiliges Römisches Reich – Kapitel 1: Gebiet und Institutionen", The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987, "France | History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts", "Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229", "The Great Depression of the 14th Century", "Goldene Bulle (Zeumer, 1908) – Wikisource", Duncan Hardy, Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346–1521 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), "Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) - WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO", Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346-1521, The constitutional structure of the Reich, Comparison of the Holy Roman Empire and the European Union in 2012 by The Economist, Deutschland beim Tode Kaiser Karls IV. After being elected, the King of the Romans could theoretically claim the title of "Emperor" only after being crowned by the Pope. [59][60][61], The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed college of prince-electors (Kurfürsten), whose composition and procedures were set forth in the Golden Bull of 1356, which remained valid until 1806. Elle fut l’anienne capitale des Gaules au temps des romains puis [41][42] This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining Byzantine Empire towards the new power of Carolingian Francia. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. Also it was recommended that their sons learn the imperial languages – German, Latin, Italian, and Czech.[62][3]. Cercle de Basse Saxe (1356-1806) Cercle de Bavière (9..-1806) Cercle de Haute-Saxe (1356-1806) Cercle de … Dans un deuxième temps, la tradition veut qu'il aille à Rome recevoir du pape le sacre et le titre impérial. Un empire qui s'étendit sur l'Allemagne, le nord de l'Italie, la partie orientale de la France, les Pays-Bas, le Luxembourg, la Belgique, la République tchèque, l'Autriche, la Slovénie, les Silésie et Poméranie polonaises, dans un mouvement incessant de ses frontières. As his son, Frederick II, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, resulting in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son Philip of Swabia and Henry the Lion's son Otto of Brunswick, who competed for the crown. Portail:Saint-Empire romain germanique/Géographie Wikipédia:Statistiques des anecdotes de la page d'accueil/Visibilité des anecdotes (2019) Discussion:Saint-Empire romain germanique/LSV 16775 This development probably best symbolizes the emerging duality between emperor and realm (Kaiser und Reich), which were no longer considered identical. Médiatisation d'Empire. The long conflict so bled the Empire that it never recovered its strength. Although Charles of Valois had the backing of Henry, Archbishop of Cologne, a French supporter, many were not keen to see an expansion of French power, least of all Clement V. The principal rival to Charles appeared to be Rudolf, the Count Palatine. The league declined after 1450. By the rise of Louis XIV, the Habsburgs were chiefly dependent on their hereditary lands to counter the rise of Prussia, which possessed territories inside the Empire. Territories in which secular authority was held by an ecclesiastical dignitary, such as an archbishop, bishop, or abbot. After his victory, Frederick did not act upon his promise to keep the two realms separate. The eastward settlement expanded the influence of the empire to include Pomerania and Silesia, as did the intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses. Découvrez toutes nos lettres déjà parues. Saint-Empire romain germanique m Holy Roman Empire (literally “Germanic Roman Holy-Empire”) Further reading Charlemagne adopted the formula Renovatio imperii Romanorum ("renewal of the Roman Empire"). After him all kings and emperors relied on the lands of their own family (Hausmacht): Louis IV of Wittelsbach (king 1314, emperor 1328–47) relied on his lands in Bavaria; Charles IV of Luxembourg, the grandson of Henry VII, drew strength from his own lands in Bohemia. At no time could the Emperor simply issue decrees and govern autonomously over the Empire. From the High Middle Ages onwards, the Holy Roman Empire was marked by an uneasy coexistence with the princes of the local territories who were struggling to take power away from it. This process began in the 11th century with the Investiture Controversy and was more or less concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. The direct governance of the Reichsgut no longer matched the needs of either the king or the dukes. The only princely member states of the Holy Roman Empire that have preserved their status as monarchies until today are the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Principality of Liechtenstein. These rights were now explicitly rooted in Roman Law, a far-reaching constitutional act. Up to that time, he had remained in Germany, while a deposed duke, Crescentius II, ruled over Rome and part of Italy, ostensibly in his stead. In addition, a Jewish minority existed in the Holy Roman Empire. After the Dutch revolt against Spain erupted, the Empire remained neutral, de facto allowing the Netherlands to depart the empire in 1581, a secession acknowledged in 1648. In the Holy Roman Empire, the main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the King of the Romans. The conflict between several papal claimants (two anti-popes and the "legitimate" Pope) ended only with the Council of Constance (1414–1418); after 1419 the Papacy directed much of its energy to suppressing the Hussites. In 1212, King Ottokar I (bearing the title "king" since 1198) extracted a Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom. Earlier, the Empire's strength (and finances) greatly relied on the Empire's own lands, the so-called Reichsgut, which always belonged to the king of the day and included many Imperial Cities. There were also some areas ruled directly by the Emperor. Le duc reçoit ce jour-là du pape le titre d' « Empereur et Auguste » en récompense des services rendus à la papauté et de ses victoires sur les envahisseurs hongrois. These sites served however only as the individual residence for a particular sovereign. Such an ecclesiastic or Churchman was a. [2], Overall population figures for the Holy Roman Empire are extremely vague and vary widely. In practice, the imperial troops often had local allegiances stronger than their loyalty to the Emperor. Forme parallele. More recent estimates use less outdated criteria, but they remain guesswork. Although antagonism about the expense of Byzantine domination had long persisted within Italy, a political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the iconoclasm of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, in what Pope Gregory II saw as the latest in a series of imperial heresies. After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. [8] The dynastic office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective through the mostly German prince-electors, the highest-ranking noblemen of the empire; they would elect one of their peers as "King of the Romans" to be crowned emperor by the Pope, although the tradition of papal coronations was discontinued in the 16th century. [48] Kings traveled between residences (called Kaiserpfalz) to discharge affairs, though each king preferred certain places; in Otto's case, this was the city of Magdeburg. Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next King of the Romans. Sous le règne de Frédéric III, au XVe siècle, il prend le nom sous lequel on le connaît aujourd'hui : Saint Empire romain germanique (ou plus précisément « de la Nation allemande »), Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation en allemand. A prospective Emperor had first to be elected King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum; German: römischer König). Henry added the Norman kingdom of Sicily to his domains, held English king Richard the Lionheart captive, and aimed to establish a hereditary monarchy when he died in 1197. 1730. This only changed after the end of the Salian dynasty in the 12th century. Not all imperial territories were included within the imperial circles, even after 1512; the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were excluded, as were Switzerland, the imperial fiefs in northern Italy, the lands of the Imperial Knights, and certain other small territories like the Lordship of Jever. After Richard's death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. The 1232 document marked the first time that the German dukes were called domini terræ, owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well. De 476 à 800, la notion de l'Empire romain subsista en se modifiant. The Empire also had two courts: the Reichshofrat (also known in English as the Aulic Council) at the court of the King/Emperor, and the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court), established with the Imperial Reform of 1495 by Maximillian I. [58] Instead of personal duties, money increasingly became the common means to represent economic value in agriculture. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation. [30], As Roman power in Gaul declined during the 5th century, local Germanic tribes assumed control. [78], The Habsburg royal family had its own diplomats to represent its interests. Although many of these privileges had existed earlier, they were now granted globally, and once and for all, to allow the German princes to maintain order north of the Alps while Frederick concentrated on Italy. Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire on 6 August 1806 following the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Emperor Napoleon I the month before. The Imperial Diet (Reichstag, or Reichsversammlung) was not a legislative body as we understand it today, as its members envisioned it more like a central forum where it was more important to negotiate than to decide. The army was half forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly cavalry, and half forces of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly infantry. Another new concept of the time was the systematic foundation of new cities by the Emperor and by the local dukes. On the eastern front, the Turks continued to loom large as a threat, although war would mean further compromises with the Protestant princes, and so the Emperor sought to avoid it. Il s'appelle d'abord empire d'Occident puis Saint Empire. Le Saint-Empire romain germanique (traduction habituelle du nom allemand Heiliges römisches Reich deutscher Nation, utilisée à partir de la fin du XV e siècle) est un regroupement politique de multiples principautés d'Europe centrale, sans pour autant avoir jamais été un État-nation en tant que tel, ni un pays.. Le Saint Empire romain germanique, qui prit en Occident, selon une forme originale et dans un cadre territorial particulier, la suite de l'Empire romain, lui-même restauré théoriquement entre 800 et 924 dans l'Empire carolingien, fut une institution essentiellement médiévale ; la suprême institution d'ailleurs, puisque, apparu en 962 grâce à l'action d'Otton le Grand, il prétendit très tôt être l' […] [40] In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VI was removed from the throne by his mother Irene who declared herself Empress. IPA : /sɛ̃.tɑ̃.piʁ ʁɔ.mɛ̃ ʒɛʁ.ma.nik/ Proper noun . Il voulait, comme Charlemagne exercer sa suprématie sur l'Église. la insignes royaux la Saint-Empire romain, en particulier la couronne, ont été conservés par 1424 un 1796 à Nuremberg, en Allemagne, et ils pourraient quitter la ville que pour les couronnements. Le duc reçoit ce jour-là du pape le titre d'« Empereur et Auguste » en récompense des services rendus à la papauté et de ses victoires sur les envahisseurs hongrois. At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg – becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. Several Emperors attempted to reverse this steady dilution of their authority but were thwarted both by the papacy and by the princes of the Empire. [44]:118 Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade. The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I, King of Germany, was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne[11] and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. Il a été fondé au Xe siècle par Otton Ier et a disparu le 6 août 1806 par la volonté de Napoléon Ier. Date de mort : 1806. Throughout the 18th century, the Habsburgs were embroiled in various European conflicts, such as the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1735), and the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). The German dualism between Austria and Prussia dominated the empire's history after 1740. [47]:214–15 In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld. Fearing Frederick's concentration of power, the Pope finally excommunicated the Emperor. Henry VII was crowned king at Aachen on 6 January 1309, and emperor by Pope Clement V on 29 June 1312 in Rome, ending the interregnum. Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew Frederick I "Barbarossa" succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin Henry the Lion to his – albeit diminished – possessions. It was thus increasingly in the king's own interest to strengthen the power of the territories, since the king profited from such a benefit in his own lands as well. [22] The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. The Holy Roman Emperor was always a Roman Catholic. The Emperor had to be male and of noble blood. Le roi de la Francie orientale, dont les peuples parlaient des dialectes tudesques, croyait restaurer l'Empire carolingien, prolongeant l'Empire romain d'Occident. Peasants were increasingly required to pay tribute to their lands. The concept of "property" began to replace more ancient forms of jurisdiction, although they were still very much tied together. L'idée d'un Empire romain unique et universel, ayant son siège à Rome, persista traditionnellement en Italie. The kingdoms were: Kings often employed bishops in administrative affairs and often determined who would be appointed to ecclesiastical offices. In 1356, Emperor Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, which limited the electors to seven: the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. [77], In 1495 the Reichskammergericht was established, which variously resided in Worms, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Speyer and Esslingen before it was moved permanently to Wetzlar. For example, the estates of the Imperial Knights were formally mediatized in 1806, having de facto been seized by the great territorial states in 1803 in the so-called Rittersturm. During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful eastward settlement of lands that were uninhabited or inhabited sparsely by West Slavs. D'autre part, l'Empire d'Orient, transporté à Constantinople par Constantin, fut la continuation légale de l'Empire romain, puisque l'Empire d'Occident ne s'était pas … Le saint empire romain germanique (962-1802) (Dans l'expression usuelle « saint empire romain germanique », l'adjectif « saint » n'est attesté qu'en 1157 et le complément « germanique » n'est ajouté qu'au XV° siècle).. Otton Ier, (Otton le grand) : un empereur protège et dirige l'Eglise. Autres identifiants. [50], Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin Henry II, who focused on Germany.[47]:215–17. [37], In 768, Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. The founding territories retained their separate governance codes and laws. Otto prevailed for a while after Philip was murdered in a private squabble in 1208 until he began to also claim Sicily. The reform-minded Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the Investiture Controversy with Henry IV (r. 1056–1106), the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. ", The only prince allowed to call himself "king" of a territory in the Empire was the. Despite his imperial claims, Frederick's rule was a major turning point towards the disintegration of central rule in the Empire. Instead, Henry VII, of the House of Luxembourg, was elected with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308. [12][51]:109 The king found himself with almost no political support and was forced to make the famous Walk to Canossa in 1077,[51]:122–24 by which he achieved a lifting of the excommunication at the price of humiliation. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the Landfrieden, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under Henry IV at Mainz. While Charlemagne and his successors assumed variations of the title, Peter H. Wilson, "Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806", in. [22] The new title was adopted partly because the Empire had lost most of its territories in Italy and Burgundy (the Kingdom of Arles) to the south and west by the late 15th century,[25] but also to emphasize the new importance of the German Imperial Estates in ruling the Empire due to the Imperial Reform. It must not be confused with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) of the Emperor. Maximilian was succeeded in 1576 by Rudolf II, a strange man who preferred classical Greek philosophy to Christianity and lived an isolated existence in Bohemia. Saint Empire Romain Germanique (français) Lieux en relation (8 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) Contient (7) É́lecteurs du Saint Empire. Saint Empire romain germanique (n.prop.) In 1312, Henry VII of the House of Luxembourg was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor since Frederick II. The Kingdom of Bohemia was a significant regional power during the Middle Ages. Its description comes from Héraldique Européenne. roi des Romains de 1099 à 1111, puis empereur du Saint-Empire romain germanique de 1111 à 1125 Landfrieden was not only a matter imposed by kings (which might disappear in their absence), but was also upheld by regional leagues and alliances (also called "associations"). The Reichskammergericht and the Auclic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the Old Empire. One estimate based on the frontiers of Germany in 1870 gives a population of some 15–17 million around 1600, declined to 10–13 million around 1650 (following the Thirty Years' War). The monastic state of the Teutonic Order (German: Deutschordensstaat) and its later German successor state of Prussia were never part of the Holy Roman Empire. 1805 (SLOVAQUIE) HISTOIRE DE FRANCE (ALBERTO BASILE) 2013 (FRANCE) oeuvres (Avec Date Actif) For the first time, the assembly of the electors and other dukes was now called the Imperial Diet (German Reichstag) (to be joined by the Imperial Free Cities later). The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, gave the territories almost complete independence. Largest cities or towns of the Empire by year: Roman Catholicism constituted the single official religion of the Empire until 1555. For example, this act produced the Imperial Circle Estates and the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court), institutions that would – to a degree – persist until the end of the Empire in 1806. According to an overgenerous contemporary estimate of the Austrian War Archives for the first decade of the 18th century, the Empire, including Bohemia and the Spanish Netherlands, had a population of close to 28 million with a breakdown as follows:[81], German demographic historians have traditionally worked on estimates of the population of the Holy Roman Empire based on assumed population within the frontiers of Germany in 1871 or 1914. As the Latin Church, influenced by Gothic law forbidding female leadership and property ownership,[citation needed] only regarded a male Roman Emperor as the head of Christendom, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity, excluding consultation with the Patriarch of Constantinople. Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the Lombards made him the ideal candidate. Each circle had its own parliament, known as a Kreistag ("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar I, in 924. It therefore proved somewhat damaging that Sigismund of Luxemburg (king 1410, emperor 1433–1437) and Frederick III of Habsburg (king 1440, emperor 1452–1493) neglected the old core lands of the empire and mostly resided in their own lands. German-speaking farmers, traders, and craftsmen from the western part of the Empire, both Christians and Jews, moved into these areas. "[28], In the modern period, the Empire was often informally called the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) or Roman-German Empire (Römisch-Deutsches Reich). Sans infrastructures ni administration autre que celle de l'Église, le nouvel empire est une très pâle copie de l'empire romain, disparu depuis près de 500 ans, et de l'empire carolingien disparu depuis un demi-siècle. An entity was considered a Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. Court practice heavily relied on traditional customs or rules described as customary. In 963, Otto deposed the current Pope John XII and chose Pope Leo VIII as the new pope (although John XII and Leo VIII both claimed the papacy until 964 when John XII died). [9][20] The power of the emperor was limited, and while the various princes, lords, bishops, and cities of the empire were vassals who owed the emperor their allegiance, they also possessed an extent of privileges that gave them de facto independence within their territories. Le dictionnaire de l'Histoire Saint Empire romain germanique Le Saint Empire romain germanique remonte au sacre du duc de Saxe Otton le Grand, le 2 février 962, à Rome. Le Saint-Empire romain disparaît le 6 août 1806 lorsque l’empereur François II dépose sa couronne pour n'être plus qu'empereur d'Autriche et, comme l'écrit Ferdinand Lot, le 6 août 1806, date de l'abandon par François II de sa qualité d'empereur des Romains, peut être considéré comme l'acte de décès légal de l'Empire romain [7]. oeuvres (Avec Date Passif) ROCOCO . This continued after Frederick was crowned Emperor in 1220. This ensured for the first time that all the realms of what is now Spain would be united by one monarch under one nascent Spanish crown. [63] Princes, nobles and/or cities collaborated to keep the peace by adhering to collective treaties which stipulated methods for resolving disputes (ad hoc courts and arbitration) and joint military measures to defeat outlaws and declarers of feuds. From 1792 onwards, revolutionary France was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently. During this time, the concept of "reform" emerged, in the original sense of the Latin verb re-formare – to regain an earlier shape that had been lost. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. "Secularization" was the abolition of the temporal power of an ecclesiastical ruler such as a bishop or an abbot and the annexation of the secularized territory to a secular territory. These were regional groupings of most (though not all) of the various states of the Empire for the purposes of defense, imperial taxation, supervision of coining, peace-keeping functions, and public security. The process varied greatly among the various lands and was most advanced in those territories that were almost identical to the lands of the old Germanic tribes, e.g., Bavaria. Léopold Ier de Habsbourg, né à Vienne le 9 juin 1640 et décédé dans la même ville le 5 mai 1705, fut roi de Hongrie (1655) et de Bohême (1657), puis archiduc d'Autriche et élu empereur des Romains (1658). Regensburg, seat of the 'Eternal Diet' after 1663, came to be viewed as the unofficial capital of the Empire by several European powers with a stake in the Empire – France, England, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Denmark – and they kept more or less permanent envoys there because it was the only place in the Empire where the delegates of all the major and mid-size German states congregated and could be reached for lobbying, etc. The kings beginning with Rudolf I of Germany increasingly relied on the lands of their respective dynasties to support their power. Elle peut se diviser en plusieurs grandes périodes. Charles III le Gros (839-888) est le dernier empereur qui, après avoir été couronné par le pape, ait théoriquement régné sur toutes les parties de l'Empire. Foreign powers, including France and Sweden, intervened in the conflict and strengthened those fighting Imperial power, but also seized considerable territory for themselves. After Rudolf's death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor. While the adherents of a territory's official religion enjoyed the right of public worship, the others were allowed the right of private worship (in chapels without either spires or bells). [35][36] The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy. In 802, Irene was overthrown and exiled by Nikephoros I and henceforth there were two Roman Emperors. Il va s'ensuivre un affaiblissement du titre impérial, livré autant sinon plus qu'avant aux marchandages et aux rivalités entre Électeurs... À partir de la Renaissance, le titre impérial échoit sans discontinuer à la famille des Habsbourg.