charles ii 1665

Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. On 22 March 1657 Charles II receives the appointment as Imperial Vicar in Italy. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. By the end of the battle Charles's force was about 1,000 and with Dunkirk given to the English the prospect of a Royalist expedition to England was dashed. R/ Ecu couronné, soutenu par deux lions, entouré du collier de la Toison d''or. The death toll reached a peak of 7,000 per week in the week of 17 September. [25], He set out for England from Scheveningen, arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday. The questions encourage pupils to investigate the sources and make their own judgements on the evidence where possible. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, was a Catholic. Découvrez et achetez L'Espagne de Charles II et la France : 1665 - 1700. [10], On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Dunbar by a much smaller force led by Oliver Cromwell. News of the failed plot was leaked. HIS VICI ET REGNO Globe with a cornucopia and a fasces crossed above it; in field on left side AG/A and 1684. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685) 3. [70], Thus through the last years of Charles's reign, his approach towards his opponents changed, and he was compared by Whigs to the contemporary Louis XIV of France, with his form of government in those years termed "slavery". In 1665 England became involved in a war with Holland. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army. Charles II often suffered from ill health and much of his reign consisted of others ruling the country in his stead. [75], On his deathbed Charles asked his brother, James, to look after his mistresses: "be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve". In 1665, he faced one of the biggest challenges of his monarchy - the Great Plague of London, in which the death toll rose to 7000 per week. GM 20K-135C Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. Professor of History, King's College, University of London. Le siècle d'Or en sursis : le règne de Charles II d'Espagne, CARLOS II (1665-1700) - La defensa de la monarquía hispánica en el ocaso de una dinastía, Alain Begue, Belin Éducation. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. "[91] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard resigned. françoiscostes. While the Spanish Empire, or 'Monarchy', remained an enormous global confederation, its economic supremacy was challenged by the Dutch Republic, and increasingly England, while Europe was destabilised by French expansion under Louis XIV. His vigorous attempts to save London during the Great Fire of September 1666 could not make up for the negligence and maladministration that led to England’s naval defeat in June 1667. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Menu. He would not exile past enemies nor confiscate their wealth. Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange. King Charles II and his family left Salisbury for Oxford after a few cases of plague were reported. [60] The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria;[61] judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed. G.H. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit". Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War (1652–1654). He was captured and executed. He was received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed. The Restoration was accompanied by social change. (2015). 1665 (October) Parliament met in Oxford rather than London. He was bound by the concessions made by his father in 1640 and 1641, but the Parliament elected in 1661 was determined on an uncompromising Anglican and royalist settlement. There would be pardons for nearly all his opponents except the regicides. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. The unconditional nature of the settlement that took shape between 1660 and 1662 owed little to Charles’s intervention and must have exceeded his expectations. [50] It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert. He was the playboy monarch, naughty but nice, the hero of all who prized urbanity, tolerance, good humour, and the pursuit of pleasure above the more earnest, sober, or material virtues. Charles II, byname The Merry Monarch, (born May 29, 1630, London—died February 6, 1685, London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. autres monnaies etrangeres chili. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize. Test your knowledge of the history of leadership with this quiz. On 5 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh,[9] but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted the imposition of Presbyterianism throughout Britain and Ireland. Charles's coat of arms as Prince of Wales was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Argent. 1,85 g. The final phase of Charles II's reign was taken up mainly with attempts to settle religious dissension. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth. Puritanism lost its momentum. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder him and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. Charles II, byname The Merry Monarch, (born May 29, 1630, London—died February 6, 1685, London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. Belgique. Non-academic authors have concentrated mainly on his social and cultural world, emphasising his charm, affability, worldliness, tolerance, turning him into one of the most popular of all English monarchs in novels, plays and films.[87]. As a result, in his lifetime he was often nicknamed "Old Rowley", the name of his favourite racehorse, notable as a stallion.[82]. [53] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684. The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament. Philippe IV (ou Felipe IV en espagnol), né à Valladolid le 8 avril 1605 et décédé à Madrid le 17 septembre 1665, dit le Grand ou le « roi-Planète », est roi des Espagnes et des Indes après la mort de son père Philippe III d'Espagne, du 31 mars 1621 à sa mort [Note 1].Il porta également les titres de roi des Deux-Siciles, roi de Portugal [Note 2] et souverain des Pays-Bas [Note 3]. In 1665 the Great Plague struck London killing over 60,000 people, and was followed in 1666 by the Fire of London which destroyed a large part of the city including St Paul’s cathedral. The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on England (the Raid on the Medway) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked. The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line. Professor Ronald Hutton summarises the polarised historiography: For the past hundred years, books on Charles II have been sharply divided into two categories. He followed his grandfather Charles I, Duke of Mantua, in 1637 as ruler of these lands, the first ten years under regency of his mother Duchess Maria. His efforts to extend religious toleration to his Nonconformist and Roman Catholic subjects were sharply rebuffed in 1663, and throughout his reign the House of Commons was to thwart the more generous impulses of his religious policy. [67], Charles's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, in 1660: By Barbara Villiers (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine and created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right: By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673): By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute:[97], Letters claiming that Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries. The lesson considers the measures taken by King Charles II in response to the plague and the reactions of some of the people to these restrictions, as well as providing contemporary comment on the situation. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Charles sold the Duchies of Nevers and Rethel in 1659 to Cardinal Jules Mazarin, t… 1665 (4th March) Second Anglo-Dutch War The English used the Dutch opening fire on English warships as an excuse to declare war on the Dutch. [4] By spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. He persuaded his brother James to relinquish his command in the French army and gave him some regiments of Anglo-Irish troops in Spanish service, but poverty doomed this nucleus of a royalist army to impotence. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. [11] Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651. LUXEMBOURG, Duché, Charles II (1665-1700), billon sou de Luxembourg, 1700, Anvers . The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. [40] Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. Le pape et le roi Journées qui ont fait la France; JOURNAL DE BOLIVIE (7 nov. 1966-7 oct. 1967) La Découverte/Poche L'Espagne, la France et l'Amérique latine : politi Collectif; La France, l'Espagne et l'indépendance du Maroc 1951-1958 - Michel Catala - Date de parution : 19/02/2015 - Les Indes savantes [73] Charles had a laboratory among his many interests, where prior to his illness he had been experimenting with mercury. Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. Two distinct forms of dress for men in the reign of Charles II - immediately after the monarchy restoration short jackets and frilled ribbons abounded. As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. 1665 (September) The plague continued with around 7,000 Londoners dying per week. Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Some even sought to confer the Crown on the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale 1665-1700. Sources. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, and bawdy "Restoration comedy" became a recognisable genre. Whig Thought and the Revolution of 1688–91. L'Espagne de Charles II et la France 1665-1700 par Marie-Françoise Maquart aux éditions Pu du mirail. [7], At The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. Charles II of Spain was born November 6, 1661 and became king in 1665 at the tender young age of four. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £160,000 each year. 344-1b; Delm. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. (2013). [92] His arms as monarch were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). To save Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679. Charles II of Spain, King of Naples and Sicily, 1665-1700. His safety was comfortless, however. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 4 more Subject » They appealed to King Charles II to confer the land in question to them, and in 1665 an amendment was made to the Charter of Carolina that stated the king was “graciously pleased to enlarge our said grant unto them.” The northern boundary was extended to what is … Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened. The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford's replacement, Lord Danby, grew. Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France, but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Charles II was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630. English; La maison; Nouveautés; À paraître; Collections; Revues Toggle facets Limit your search Subject. His parents were Charles I, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Henrietta Maria, the sister of the French king Louis XIII. Charles was succeeded by his brother, who became James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland. Il est le fils de la reine Henriette-Marie de France et du roi Charles Ier, exécuté au palais de Whitehall en 1649, au paroxysme de la première Révolution anglaise. The next day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies—a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by a public Anglican service. Restoration, Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. The years of his reign are known in English history as the Restoration period. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy. [48], In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. When negotiations with the Scots stalled, Charles authorised General Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange. Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668 and June 1669. Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to nearly all of Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, 50 people were specifically excluded. And never did a wise one"[35], To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". The King, Charles II and his Court left London and fled to Oxford. [36], In 1665, Charles was faced with a great health crisis: the Great Plague of London. Seulement quelques exemplaires frappés. [63], The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Charles II returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne. Charles II (1665-1700). À la mort de son père Philippe IV, en 1665, c'est un Charles II âgé de quatre ans qui accède au trône d'Espagne. Vous n’avez pas de produit dans votre panier. His political adaptability and his knowledge of men enabled him to steer his country through the convolutions of the struggle between Anglicans, Catholics, and Dissenters that marked much of his reign. BRABANT, Duché, Charles II (1665-1700), AV double souverain, 1697, Anvers. Most Englishmen now favoured a return to a stable and legitimate monarchy, and, although more was known of Charles II’s vices than his virtues, he had, under the steadying influence of Edward Hyde, his chief adviser, avoided any damaging compromise of his religion or constitutional principles. The Scots forces were divided into royalist Engagers and Presbyterian Covenanters, who even fought each other. [12][d], Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. Today it is possible to assess him without the taint of partisanship, and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue—in the words of his contemporary John Evelyn, "a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections, debonair, easy of access, not bloody or cruel". Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction . [2] Charles's heir presumptive was therefore his unpopular Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. Since Charles was a legal minor when Philip died on 17 September 1665, Mariana was appointed Queen Regent by the Council of Castile. [37] Charles, with his family and court, fled London in July to Salisbury; Parliament met in Oxford. In his diary, Samuel Pepys gives a vivid account of the empty streets in London, as all who could had left in an attempt to flee the pestilence. But George Monck, one of Cromwell’s leading generals, realized that under Cromwell’s successors the country was in danger of being torn apart and with his formidable army created the situation favourable to Charles’s restoration in 1660. Looking back on Charles's reign, Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism. [68] Protestant politicians such as the Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. [85] John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, wrote more lewdly of Charles: Restless he rolls from whore to whore Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. James was eventually dethroned in 1688, in the course of the Glorious Revolution. To destroy opposition in London, Charles first disenfranchised many Whigs in the 1682 municipal elections, and in 1683 the London charter was forfeited. Charles II d’Espagne, l’enfant roi malade. Omissions? Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? 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Silver 5.67 g Obv. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. Les meilleures offres pour Authentique 1665 Charles II John eamonson de Seacroft Leeds York document Scellé sont sur eBay Comparez les prix et les spécificités des produits neufs et d'occasion Pleins d'articles en livraison gratuite!

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